Why Are Ebikes Limited to 20 or 28 MPH?

Why these vehicles are limited to certain speeds, most commonly 20 mph or 28 mph？

These speed limits are not arbitrary, but rather the result of regulatory, safety, and technical considerations.

To fully understand the reasons behind these restrictions, it’s essential to dive into the legal frameworks, safety implications, and technical limitations that surround electric bicycles.

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Legal Regulations for Ebike Speed Limits

Classifications of Ebikes

In the United States and many other parts of the world, ebikes are classified based on their speed capabilities and motor power.

This classification system helps determine where and how ebikes can be used. There are generally three classes of ebikes:

• Class 1: Pedal-assist ebikes that provide motor assistance only when pedaling, with a maximum speed of 20 mph.

• Class 2: Throttle-controlled ebikes, where the motor can engage without pedaling, also limited to 20 mph.

• Class 3: Pedal-assist ebikes with higher power, allowing speeds up to 28 mph, but without a throttle.

These classifications are crucial because they define the legal distinction between ebikes and other motorized vehicles, such as mopeds or motorcycles.

By limiting speeds to 20 or 28 mph, lawmakers ensure that ebikes can be used in similar spaces as traditional bicycles, like bike lanes and paths, while maintaining safety standards.

Without these regulations, ebikes could face restrictions similar to mopeds, which require licenses, insurance, and registration.

Why 20 and 28 MPH?

The 20 mph limit is generally considered the threshold for what is considered safe for most cyclists in shared spaces, such as bike lanes and trails.

At speeds above 20 mph, the risk of accidents increases, especially in areas where bikes may need to interact with pedestrians or slower-moving traffic.

For Class 3 ebikes, the 28 mph cap is designed to allow a bit more flexibility for those who commute longer distances but still provides a reasonable balance between speed and safety.

Many countries around the world, particularly in Europe, adopt similar speed limits to ensure that ebikes remain within the category of bicycles and don’t require special licensing or registration.

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Safety Concerns and Speed Restrictions

Cyclist and Pedestrian Safety

Safety is one of the biggest reasons behind speed restrictions for ebikes.

At higher speeds, cyclists have less time to react to obstacles, and the potential for accidents involving pedestrians, vehicles, and other cyclists increases significantly.

A 28 mph ebike traveling at full speed can cause much more damage in a collision than a standard bicycle traveling at lower speeds.

Ebike speed limits ensure that riders maintain a level of control appropriate for most cycling environments.

While some riders may feel that higher speeds should be allowed, studies show that the risk of injury increases exponentially at speeds above 20 mph.

Ebike manufacturers and regulators alike recognize that keeping speeds lower mitigates this risk, especially in urban areas where traffic conditions can be unpredictable.

Increased Stopping Distance

With higher speeds, the stopping distance increases dramatically.

An ebike traveling at 28 mph takes significantly more time and distance to come to a full stop compared to one traveling at 20 mph. In high-traffic or pedestrian-heavy areas, this added stopping time can mean the difference between a near miss and a serious accident.

By limiting speeds to 20 or 28 mph, regulators aim to reduce the severity of accidents, ensuring that ebike riders can stop or slow down quickly enough to avoid collisions.

These speed limits also make it easier for ebike riders to adhere to posted speed limits in areas shared with cars, cyclists, and pedestrians.

Technical Limitations of Ebikes

Motor Efficiency and Power Output

Another significant factor behind ebike speed limitations is the efficiency and power output of the motors.

Most consumer ebikes are equipped with motors that produce 250W to 750W of power.

This power is more than sufficient to reach speeds of 20 or 28 mph, but pushing the motor beyond these speeds would require significantly more power and, consequently, a much larger battery.

At higher speeds, the drag force acting on the bike increases exponentially. Once an ebike reaches 20 mph, the motor has to work much harder to overcome air resistance.

To achieve speeds of 30 mph or more, the motor would need to draw far more power, resulting in reduced battery life and potentially overheating issues.

For the average commuter or recreational rider, balancing speed with battery efficiency is essential.

This is why most manufacturers set the top speeds at 20 or 28 mph—to ensure that riders can travel reasonable distances on a single charge without draining their battery too quickly.

Battery Life and Longevity

The faster you go, the quicker your battery drains.

Pushing an ebike beyond its designed speed limits can significantly reduce the range you can travel on a single charge.

Manufacturers design their bikes to optimize battery performance at specific speeds, and pushing the bike to go faster could degrade battery health over time.

At 20 mph, most ebikes offer a comfortable balance between speed, range, and battery longevity.

For Class 3 ebikes, which can go up to 28 mph, the battery will deplete faster than on a Class 1 or Class 2 ebike, but these bikes are often equipped with larger battery packs to accommodate this increased power draw.

User Experience and Comfort at Higher Speeds

Handling and Stability

Ebike manufacturers also limit speed for the sake of rider comfort and bike stability.

At higher speeds, ebikes can become more difficult to control, especially for inexperienced riders.

The faster you go, the more sensitive the bike becomes to road conditions, sharp turns, and sudden stops.

By capping speeds at 20 or 28 mph, manufacturers ensure that riders of all skill levels can handle the bike safely.

Above 28 mph, bikes typically require specialized frames, tires, and brakes designed for higher speeds, which most consumer-grade ebikes do not possess.

Noise and Vibration

Another often-overlooked factor is the increased noise and vibration at higher speeds.

Ebikes are generally designed to offer a smooth, quiet ride at speeds up to 20 or 28 mph.

Going faster than this could lead to more noticeable motor noise, which diminishes the overall riding experience.

Additionally, road vibrations at higher speeds can become uncomfortable and potentially unsafe, particularly on uneven terrain.

Conclusion

Ebike speed limits of 20 mph for Class 1 and 2, and 28 mph for Class 3, are the result of a combination of legal regulations, safety considerations, and technical limitations.

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FAQs

Why are there different classes of ebikes?

The different ebike classes (Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3) are created to distinguish between types of electric bicycles based on their speed and power capabilities. These classifications help regulate where ebikes can be used, ensuring safety in various cycling environments.

Do speed limits affect the range of my ebike?

Yes, higher speeds generally reduce the range of your ebike because the motor needs to use more power to maintain those speeds, especially against wind resistance. Riding at 20 mph typically offers better battery efficiency compared to riding at 28 mph.

Are there penalties for riding an ebike over the speed limit?

Penalties for exceeding the speed limit on an ebike vary by region. In some areas, you may face fines, and your bike may no longer be classified as an ebike, requiring registration, insurance, or a special license. Always check local regulations before modifying your bike.